ECE Virtual LabCircuit Studio & Virtual ArduinoTINKERCAD + PHET DC/AC

ECE Circuit Construction Studio & Virtual Arduino Uno

Build, simulate, and measure real DC/AC electrical circuits and execute C++ programs on the virtual ATmega328P microcontroller with live pin states, glowing filaments, spinning motors, and oscilloscope traces.

Branch Current21.2 mA

Motor RPM0 RPM

Arduino Status● RUNNING

Presets:

Interactive Circuit Construction Canvas

100%

ARDUINO UNO R3

DIGITAL (PWM~)

131211~10~9~8

ATMELATmega328P-PU16.000 MHz XTAL

L (Pin 13)

TX RX

5VGND

ANALOG IN:

A0A1A2

Quick Adjustments:

Source V:9.0V

Rheostat R:220Ω

ARDUINO C++ SKETCH EDITOR (ATmega328P)

Serial Monitor @ 9600 baud

>[0ms] Prismora Virtual Arduino Uno R3 Ready.

>[50ms] Serial Monitor initialized at 9600 baud.

>[100ms] LED Pin 13 ON

Live Microcontroller Pin Registermillis(): 100 ms

D2INPUT_PULLUPHIGH

D8OUTPUTLOW

D9OUTPUTLOW

D10OUTPUTLOW

D13OUTPUTHIGH

ECE Circuit Physics, Ohm's Law, and Microcontroller Engineering Principles

1. Kirchhoff's Voltage & Current Laws

In any closed electrical loop, the algebraic sum of all electromotive forces (EMF) and voltage drops across passives and diodes equals zero:

\sum V_k = 0, \quad I = \frac{V_{source} - V_{f,LED}}{R_{total}}

2. ATmega328P Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

The Arduino Uno utilizes Timer/Counters to produce 490Hz/980Hz square waves. The average voltage delivered to an LED or motor is proportional to the duty cycle ratio:

V_{avg} = V_{CC} \cdot \frac{\text{PWM}}{255}, \quad D = \frac{t_{on}}{T} \times 100\%

3. 10-Bit ADC Analog Quantization

Analog inputs A0-A5 pass through successive approximation analog-to-digital converters, mapping 0V-5V input voltages into discrete integer values:

\text{ADC} = \left\lfloor \frac{V_{in}}{V_{ref}} \times 1023 \right\rfloor \implies V_{in} = \text{ADC} \times 4.887 \text{ mV}